USA HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Riley said that overcrowding in slums also engenders a host of opportunities for transmission of diseases, including TB, respiratory diseases, pharyngitis, meningitis, scabies, superinfections of the skin, acute glomerulonephritis, rheumatic heart disease, and Zika virus infection and its congenital consequences.

Detailed explanation-2: -The urban slum environment is fertile ground for these diseases, due in large part to overcrowded housing conditions, lack of availability of treated water, and lack of adequate sanitation facilities.

Detailed explanation-3: -Hygiene is difficult if not impossible to maintain, hence the significant burden of infectious diseases, especially those with a faecal–oral mode of transmission. Transmission is year-round and the leading enteric pathogens are rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella typhi, and Vibrio cholera.

Detailed explanation-4: -Noncommunicable diseases like heart disease, asthma, cancer and diabetes are made worse by unhealthy living and working conditions, inadequate green space, pollution such as noise, water and soil contamination, urban heat islands and a lack of space for walking, cycling and active living.