WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -The three main precepts of these Legalist philosophers are the strict application of widely publicized laws (fa), the application of such management techniques (shu) as accountability (xingming) and “showing nothing” (wuxian), and the manipulation of political purchase (shi).

Detailed explanation-2: -Law violations could be punished with banishment, whippings or beatings, amputation, mutilation, castration, hard labor, or even death. Other Chinese philosophies, such as Confucianism, were less strict and considered the moral underpinnings of human nature.

Detailed explanation-3: -For more serious offenses, lawbreakers faced bodily mutilation by tattooing the face, flogging, cutting off the nose, amputating one or both feet, and castration. The death penalty was reserved for the worst criminals, especially those who threatened the emperor or the state. Execution was normally by beheading.

Detailed explanation-4: -They believed that strict laws and harsh punishment were preferable to the centuries of civil war that marked the end of the Zhou Dynasty. Legalist advisers to the Qin opposed any dispersal of power into the hands of local landowners.