GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Detailed explanation-1: -When we go across a row, several protons increases which hold the valence electrons very tightly so the ionization energy increases. As we go down the column, new shells are added to the atoms. So, it is easier to remove the electron due to the weak force of attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron.

Detailed explanation-2: -This means that, as more protons are added, the nucleus gets a stronger positive charge which then attracts the electrons more strongly and pulls them closer to the atom’s nucleus. The electrons being pulled closer to the nucleus makes the atom’s radius smaller.

Detailed explanation-3: -Going across a period (from left to right), the number of protons increases and therefore the nuclear charge increases.

Detailed explanation-4: -As more protons are added to the nucleus, the electrons in the valence shell feel a higher effective nuclear charge-the sum of the charges on the protons in the nucleus and the charges on the inner, core electrons.

Detailed explanation-5: -As you move to the right, the atomic number increases, meaning the number of protons increases. In addition, the number of electrons increases. However, because the mass of the proton is about 1836 times the mass of the electron, the strong nuclear force that attracts them is significant, shrinking the atomic radius.