GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Detailed explanation-1: -The electrons on the outermost energy level of the atom are called valence electrons. The valence electrons are involved in bonding one atom to another. The attraction of each atom’s nucleus for the valence electrons of the other atom pulls the atoms together.

Detailed explanation-2: -The first ionization energy varies in a predictable way across the periodic table. The ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in groups, and increases from left to right across a period. Thus, helium has the largest first ionization energy, while francium has one of the lowest.

Detailed explanation-3: -The outermost orbital shell of an atom is called its valence shell, and the electrons in the valence shell are valence electrons. Valence electrons are the highest energy electrons in an atom and are therefore the most reactive.

Detailed explanation-4: -The electrons in the outermost shell of atoms are those that become involved in chemical bonds. These are called valence electrons.

Detailed explanation-5: -In chemical bonding, only the valence electrons i.e., the electrons located in the orbitals of the outermost energy level (valence shell) of an element is involved.