GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Detailed explanation-1: -Osteocalcin (OC) increases insulin production and sensitivity and thereby promotes glucose utilization and energy expenditure [9]. It also undergoes vitamin K–dependent carboxylation on three glutamic acid residues, which gives rise to GlaOC and confers a high affinity for the bone matrix.

Detailed explanation-2: -Estrogen Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Suppresses Gluconeogenesis via the Transcription Factor Foxo1-PMC. The . gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .

Detailed explanation-3: -Osteocalcin (OCN) is a peptide hormone secreted by osteoblasts, the bone forming cells (Lee et al., 2007). It regulates glucose metabolism by promoting beta cell proliferation and insulin secretion, and by improving insulin sensitivity (Pi et al., 2011; Ferron et al., 2012).

Detailed explanation-4: -In recent years, osteocalcin has been identified as a hormone. Bone is considered an endocrine organ. Osteocalcin acting as a hormone is the decarboxylated form. Osteocalcin is involved in glucose homeostasis, skeletal muscle function, brain development, male fertility, hepatic steatosis, and arterial calcification.