GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Detailed explanation-1: -A hierarchical structure is typical for larger businesses and organisations. It relies on having different levels of authority with a chain of command connecting multiple management levels within the organisation. The decision-making process is typically formal and flows from the top down.

Detailed explanation-2: -Often referred to as command-and-control, top-down management is often the default. In this hierarchical style of management, the power and decision-making generally remain with those at the top (though there might be some input from middle management). Information tends to flow slowly and only in one direction.

Detailed explanation-3: -The vertical organizational structure is a strict hierarchical structure with power emanating from the top to the bottom. With a chain of command well defined, decisions usually move from the top down through layer by layer, and people at the bottom have the least autonomy.

Detailed explanation-4: -Vertical structures have clearly defined roles with specific responsibilities for each person, reducing the level of employee autonomy. Horizontal structures have less structure, often providing employees with equal opportunities. However, this may result in a lack of guidance or lead to internal conflict.