GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Detailed explanation-1: -The turbulence increases more rapidly with increasing wind speed when the wind speed exceeds the transition value. This rapid increase is attributed to bulk shear instability on vertical scales large enough to include the observational level such that the observed coherent structures interact directly with the ground.

Detailed explanation-2: -Near the surface, friction reduces the wind speed, which reduces the Coriolis force. The weaker Coriolis force no longer balances the pressure gradient force and so the wind blows across the isobars toward lower pressure. Thus the pressure gradient force is balanced by friction and Coriolis force.

Detailed explanation-3: -The fundamental scaling velocity, equal to the square root of the surface stress, to, divided by the air density.

Detailed explanation-4: -The stronger the wind speed (generally, a surface wind of 20 knots or higher is required for significant turbulence), the rougher the terrain and the more unstable the air, the greater will be the turbulence. Of these factors that affect the formation of turbulence, stability is the most important.