GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Detailed explanation-1: -The high variability of the ionosphere greatly influences the propagation of radio waves. Thus, intense solar activity can disrupt certain radio transmissions and sometimes even lead to a real “blackout” of communications.

Detailed explanation-2: -Ground wave propagation is a type of radio propagation which is also known as a surface wave. These waves propagate over the earth’s surface in low and medium frequencies. These are mainly used for transmission between the surface of the earth and the ionosphere. These are made up of the number of constituent waves.

Detailed explanation-3: -The ionosphere contains a high proportion of free electrons which influence radio propagation. High Frequency (HF) radio waves hitting the free electrons in the ionosphere cause them to vibrate and re-radiate the energy back down at the same frequency, effectively bouncing the radio wave back towards the Earth.

Detailed explanation-4: -The difference is in signal loss through the Earth’s atmosphere, which is not encountered in a vacuum. Basic transmission loss, or path loss, is the signal attenuation between a transmitter and receiver due to separation and multi-path (scattering).