HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Q: What adaptations allow seed plants to reproduce without open water? A: Adaptations include 1)a reproductive process that takes place in cones or flowers, 2)the transfer of sperm by pollination, and 3)the protection of embryos in seeds. Seed=a plant embryo and a food supply, encased in a protective covering.

Detailed explanation-2: -In the pollen tube, there will be sperm nuclei instead of flagellated sperm. Because of this, the sperm’s genetic information does not need to swim to reach an ovule. Therefore, water is not needed by seed plants for fertilization.

Detailed explanation-3: -Plants use many mechanisms for seed dispersal, but they can be broken down into four broad categories: wind dispersal, water dispersal, external “hitchhikers”, and internal “hitchhikers”. Wind-dispersed seeds are often very light with large surface areas or cotton-like “puffs” to help them catch the wind and travel.