HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Pollen grains are produced by seed plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms), and spores by ferns, lycopods, horsetails, mosses and fungi. They are produced in generally very large numbers during the reproduction process, and are dispersed by wind, water and animals.

Detailed explanation-2: -Ferns generally reproduce by producing spores. Similar to flowering plants, ferns have roots, stems and leaves. However, unlike flowering plants, ferns do not have flowers or seeds; instead, they usually reproduce sexually by tiny spores or sometimes can reproduce vegetatively, as exemplified by the walking fern.

Detailed explanation-3: -Gymnosperms. These seed plants do not have flowers or fruit-their seeds are held in cones. Next time you pick up a pine cone, look for loose seeds inside. Male cones make pollen, which is carried to female cones by the wind.

Detailed explanation-4: -Unlike seed plants, mosses (as well as ferns and liverworts) don’t enclose their sperm in pollen but release it directly. Since their unprotected sperm is vulnerable to drying out, these plants can only reproduce if there’s a watery film through which the sperm can swim.