HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Liverworts and mosses are descendants of the first land plants and produce swimming sperm for sexual reproduction.

Detailed explanation-2: -Male and female reproductive structures develop on the lower surface of the same, or more often, on different gametophyte plants. At sexual maturity, the male structures release sperm that swim through the film of water of the moist habitat to fertilize the egg in the female structure.

Detailed explanation-3: -Antheridium and archegonium are reproductive organs in nonflowering plants such as ferns, mosses, and other nonflowering plants. The antheridium is the male gametophyte and produces sperm cells (male gametes). The antheridium will produce numerous sperm for fertilization.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ferns and some gymnosperms, such as Ginkgo, have around dozens up to 1000 flagella. The sperm of Zamia (a cycad) can display up to 50, 000 motile flagella (Renzaglia and Garbary 2001) (Fig.