MICROANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -During exercise, your heart typically beats faster so that more blood gets out to your body. Your heart can also increase its stroke volume by pumping more forcefully or increasing the amount of blood that fills the left ventricle before it pumps.

Detailed explanation-2: -The stroke volume increases because of increased ventricular contractility, manifested by an increased ejection fraction and mediated by sympathetic nerves to the ventricular myocardium. End-diastolic volume increase slightly.

Detailed explanation-3: -Stroke volume increases by about 20–50% in the transition from rest to submaximal exercise. It does not change as intensity of exercise increases from approximately 40% to 100%, despite the limited time available for ventricular filling at high heart rates during exercise.

Detailed explanation-4: -As the force of contraction increases, the heart is able to push more blood out of the heart, and thus increases the stroke volume. The final determinant of stroke volume is afterload. Afterload represents all the factors that contribute to total tension during isotonic contraction.

Detailed explanation-5: -During exercise, increases in cardiac stroke volume and heart rate raise cardiac output, which coupled with a transient increase in systemic vascular resistance, elevate mean arterial blood pressure (60). However, long-term exercise can promote a net reduction in blood pressure at rest.