MICROANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Conversely, any factor that decreases cardiac output, by decreasing heart rate or stroke volume or both, will decrease arterial pressure and blood flow. These factors include parasympathetic stimulation, elevated or decreased potassium ion levels, decreased calcium levels, anoxia, and acidosis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Constriction is also known as vasoconstriction, in which the blood vessel gets blocked by small muscles in their wall. It blocks or reduces the flow of blood through the blood vessel.

Detailed explanation-3: -Hypervolemia occurs when blood volume increases and can occur through renal failure, congestive heart failure, liver failure, excessive sodium intake, or any other dysfunction of sodium regulation.

Detailed explanation-4: -The rate, or velocity, of blood flow varies inversely with the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels. As the total cross-sectional area of the vessels increases, the velocity of flow decreases. Blood flow is slowest in the capillaries, which allows time for exchange of gases and nutrients.