MICROANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Interaction with antigens causes B cells to multiply into clones of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Then the B cells are stimulated by various cytokines to develop into the antibody-producing cells called plasma cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -This process is known as clonal selection. Cytokines produced by activated T4-helper lymphocytes enable those activated B-lymphocytes to rapidly proliferate to produce large clones of thousands of identical B-lymphocytes.

Detailed explanation-3: -After B cell activation, the B cells clone themselves through clonal expansion, but during each cellular division, random mutations occur that gradually increase the binding affinity for B cell-produced antibodies to antigens.

Detailed explanation-4: -Germinal centers are formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. The germinal center is a specialized microenvironment in which B-cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation, and selection for antigen binding all occur.