MICROANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Many hormones act at intracellular receptors to produce long-term changes in cellular activity by altering the genetic expression of enzymes, cytokines or receptor proteins. Such hormones are lipophilic to facilitate their movement across the cell membrane.

Detailed explanation-2: -Intracellular calcium ion, or [Ca2 +]i, acts as a key second messenger in endothelial cells in regulation of migration, proliferation, inflammation, vasodilation and cell survival (Antoniotti et al., 2003; Dalal et al., 2020; Fiorio Pla et al., 2012, p.

Detailed explanation-3: -Calcium mobilization from intracellular stores has been known to occur due to elevation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) levels via the IP3/diacyglycerol pathway (Nakamura et al., 2000; Berridge, 2012). G protein-coupled receptors activate phospholipase C, which in turn hydrolyses PIP2 to form IP3 and diacyglycerol.

Detailed explanation-4: -Calcium signaling is the use of calcium ions (Ca2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes often as a step in signal transduction. Ca2+ is important for cellular signalling, for once it enters the cytosol of the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins.