MICROANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells to increase liver glycogenolysis, liver gluconeogenesis, liver ketogenesis, lipolysis, as well as decreases lipogenesis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Adrenal gland cortisol: Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland and promotes gluconeogenesis. It is released in response to stress and low blood glucose levels. It functions to increase blood glucose through gluconeogenesis.

Detailed explanation-3: -Cortisol is released during the ‘stress response’ to illness. Cortisol stimulates glucose production to help maintain blood glucose levels. Cortisol also has anti-inflammatory effects especially at higher amounts.

Detailed explanation-4: -Glucocorticoids promote gluconeogenesis in liver, whereas in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue they decrease glucose uptake and utilization by antagonizing insulin response. Therefore, excess glucocorticoid exposure causes hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.