MICROANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -PAS-2 is diagnosed when at least 2 out of 3 of the following are present: primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease), autoimmune thyroid disease-causing Grave’s disease or hypothyroidism, and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Detailed explanation-2: -Abstract: Autoimmune endocrine diseases occur most frequently among various autoimmune diseases. Among autoimmune endocrine diseases, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and Addison’s disease are especially frequent in daily clinical practice.

Detailed explanation-3: -Three major entities are recognized, APS1, APS2 and APS3; the rare X-linked syndrome of immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy due to mutations in the FOXP3 gene also qualifies as an APS.

Detailed explanation-4: -Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 is characterized by a triad of disorders chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency. It is due to mutations in the AIRE gene and inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Over 60 mutations have been reported to cause APS-1.

Detailed explanation-5: -Medical Care. Currently, the treatment of the polyendocrine autoimmune syndromes is dictated by the individual disorders. With the exception of celiac disease and Graves disease, the mainstay of treatment is primarily hormonal replacement therapy.