MICROANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism due to circulating autoantibodies. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) bind to and activate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, causing the thyroid gland to grow and the thyroid follicles to increase synthesis of thyroid hormone.

Detailed explanation-2: -Hyperthyroidism is the most common feature of Graves’ disease, affecting nearly all patients, and is caused by autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor (TRAb) that activate the receptor, thereby stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion as well as thyroid growth (causing a diffuse goiter).

Detailed explanation-3: -The hyperthyroidism of Graves’ disease (GD) is caused by TSH-receptor (TSH-R) stimulating autoantibodies (TSAb), leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones. We present evidence for TSAb interaction with three distinct regions of the TSH-R, one in immediate vicinity of the carboxy terminal serpentine.

Detailed explanation-4: -Graves’ disease happens when the immune system of an individual makes specialized proteins called antibodies, which circulate in the blood then attach to the thyroid gland at a place called the TSH receptor. These TSH receptor antibodies then stimulate the thyroid to make excess amounts of thyroid hormone.

Detailed explanation-5: -Graves disease is directly caused by thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies (TSAb’s) that activate the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR).