MICROANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The kidneys have two main ways to maintain acid-base balance-their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine. By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream’s pH.

Detailed explanation-2: -The buffer systems functioning in blood plasma include plasma proteins, phosphate, and bicarbonate and carbonic acid buffers. The kidneys help control acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions and generating bicarbonate that helps maintain blood plasma pH within a normal range.

Detailed explanation-3: -Every organ system of the human body relies on pH balance; however, the renal system and the pulmonary system are the two main modulators.

Detailed explanation-4: -In the nephron, the proximal convoluted tubule cells are able to reabsorb the bicarbonate HCO3− ions, and cells in the proximal, as well as distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts, cells secrete hydrogen H+ ions that are carried out into the urine using the ammonia and phosphate buffer system.