NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -Accumulation of guanosine pentaphosphate (ppGpp) commonly serves as an “alarmone, ‘’ a stress response signal, in many bacterial species (Irving, Choudhury, & Corrigan, 2020). The production of ppGpp by RelA is triggered as a stress response, such as amino acid or carbon starvation (Magnusson, Farewell, & Nystrom, 2005).

Detailed explanation-2: -The stringent response (SR) is a broadly conserved bacterial stress response that controls adaptation to nutrient deprivation, and is activated by a number of different starvation and stress signals.

Detailed explanation-3: -(p)ppGpp orchestrates the stringent response (SR) in bacteria; thus, it is produced during nutrient stress (such as amino acid or fatty acid starvation) by proteins belonging to the RelA/SpoT homolog family (RSH) (16).

Detailed explanation-4: -The stringent response was first discovered in Escherichia coli undergoing starvation for amino acids. Later, it has been generalized to include many sources of nutritional deprivation and environmental stress that lead to accumulation of (p)ppGpp and its regulatory consequences.