NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -Exotoxins. Exotoxins, in contrast to endotoxin, are diffusible proteins secreted into the external medium by the pathogen. Most pathogens secrete various protein molecules that facilitate adhesion to, or invasion of, the host. Many others cause damage to host cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -Which bacteria produce exotoxins? Exotoxins are produced by Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, etc.

Detailed explanation-3: -Classically, bacterial toxins are divided into exotoxins and endotoxins. While endotoxins are membrane compounds of Gram-negative bacteria which elicit an inflammatory response in host, exotoxins are secreted proteins which act locally and at distance of the bacterial colonization site.

Detailed explanation-4: -For intracellular activity, exotoxins need to be translocated across the eukaryotic membrane. Gram-negative bacteria can directly inject effector proteins in a receptor-independent manner by use of specialized needle apparatus such as bacterial type II, type III, or type IV secretion systems.