NURSING EXAM QUESTIONS
PATHOLOGY AND GENETICS
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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two layers of the retina separate from each other
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retinal effects of diabetes mellitus include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization
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abnormal deviation of the eye
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increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
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Detailed explanation-1: -Diabetic retinopathy is an eye condition that can cause vision loss and blindness in people who have diabetes. It affects blood vessels in the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of your eye). If you have diabetes, it’s important to get a comprehensive dilated eye exam at least once a year.
Detailed explanation-2: -NPDR – Hyperglycemia results in damage to retinal capillaries. This weakens the capillary walls and results in small outpouchings of the vessel lumens, known as microaneurysms. Microaneurysms eventually rupture to form hemorrhages deep within the retina, confined by the internal limiting membrane (ILM).
Detailed explanation-3: -Retinal findings in background diabetic retinopathy, including blot hemorrhages (long arrow), microaneurysms (short arrow), and hard exudates (arrowhead). Increased permeability of these vessels results in leakage of fluid and proteinaceous material, which clinically appears as retinal thickening and exudates.
Detailed explanation-4: -Microaneurysms usually serve as the earliest signs of diabetic retinopathy. This means that microaneurysms are incredibly important symptoms, as the recognition of them within the eye can lead to an earlier treatment of diabetic retinopathy, which can result in a lower chance of vision loss.