NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -Primary (direct) Primary, or direct, immunofluorescence uses a single antibody that is conjugated directly to a fluorescent dye. The antibody recognizes the target molecule, binds to it, and the conjugated fluorescent dye can be detected using a microscope.

Detailed explanation-2: -Fluorochromes can be covalently conjugated to antibodies through reactions with thiol or amine groups. Typically, fluorochromes containing isothiocyanate, succinimidyl ester, or sulfonyl chloride reactive groups are conjugated to amines on the antibody molecules.

Detailed explanation-3: -Immunofluorescence (IF) or cell imaging techniques rely on the use antibodies to label a specific target antigen with a fluorescent dye (also called fluorophores or fluorochromes) such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).

Detailed explanation-4: -Fluorescence detection is possible with use of fluorophore-conjugated antibodies, which emit light upon excitation via light of a shorter wavelength. The most commonly used fluorophores are fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC).