NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -The main mechanism of injury in ischemia is hypoxia (as described above). Ischemic injury also results in more rapid and severe cellular acidosis than pure hypoxic injury because the absence of blood flow causes the localized accumulation of cellular metabolic by-products (e.g., lactic acid from anaerobic glycolysis).

Detailed explanation-2: -This elevated intracellular calcium concentration is responsible for cytoskeletal modifications which alter cell shape, the activation of phospholipases which results in perpetuation of membrane damage and finally, mitochondrial calcification.

Detailed explanation-3: -The rise of intracellular calcium during ischemia is related to the acidosis and is probably caused by calcium influx on the Na/Ca exchanger. This is triggered by a rise in intracellular sodium which enter the cell in exchange for protons on the Na/H exchanger.

Detailed explanation-4: -Mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury The obstruction of arterial blood flow causes hypoxia and leads to dysfunction of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Decreasing ATP production in mitochondria induces anaerobic metabolism, dysfunction of sodium-potassium pumps, and detachment of ribosomes.