NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -Some beta blockers (e.g. oxprenolol, pindolol, penbutolol, labetalol and acebutolol) exhibit intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). These agents are capable of exerting low-level agonist activity at the -adrenergic receptor while simultaneously acting as a receptor site antagonist.

Detailed explanation-2: -2 Pindolol possesses partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, ISA). This means that apart from blocking beta-adrenoceptors it produces some stimulation. Pindolol therefore only slightly influences normal sympathetic drive at rest but effectively reduces the effects of elevated sympathetic activity.

Detailed explanation-3: -These results indicate that the alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, labetalol possesses partial beta-adrenergic receptor agonist activity. This intrinsic sympathomimetic action of labetalol appears to be more sustained on cardiac than on vascular beta-adrenergic receptors.