PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Ca++ activates phospholipases (damages cell membranes), proteases (damages cell membranes and cytoskeleton) and endonucleases (damages DNA). This is one of the main mechanisms of cell death, either through severe damage to membranes of lysosomes and leakage of lysosomal enzymes or triggering apoptosis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Reversible injury. Irreversible injury Irreversible Injury Ischemic Cell Damage (leads to cell death)

Detailed explanation-3: -Eukaryotic cells have been confronted throughout their evolution with potentially lethal plasma membrane injuries, including those caused by osmotic stress, by infection from bacterial toxins and parasites, and by mechanical and ischemic stress.

Detailed explanation-4: -Among the physical agents capable of causing cell injury are mechanical trauma, radiation, extreme temperature, sudden fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, and electric shock.