PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) controls the proper attachment to and alignment of chromosomes on the spindle. The SAC detects errors and induces a cell cycle arrest in metaphase, preventing chromatid separation.

Detailed explanation-2: -The spindle checkpoint is a key regulator of chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. Its function is to prevent precocious anaphase onset before chromosomes have achieved bipolar attachment to the spindle.

Detailed explanation-3: -The spindle checkpoint ensures the fidelity of chromosome transmission by delaying anaphase until all chromatid pairs have formed proper links to the mitotic spindle. Sister chromatids attach to spindle microtubules (MTs) via kinetochores, which are multiprotein complexes that assemble on centromeric (CEN) DNA.

Detailed explanation-4: -The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance mechanism that promotes accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. The checkpoint senses the attachment state of kinetochores, the proteinaceous structures that assemble onto chromosomes in mitosis in order to mediate their interaction with spindle microtubules.

Detailed explanation-5: -The cell will employ special protein machinery, called the spindle attachment checkpoint, to check for the proper alignment of chromosomes on the metaphase plate and kinetochore attachment to the microtubules. If the chromosomes fail to pass this checkpoint, the cell does not proceed to anaphase.