PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Tumor suppressor genes are genes that code for the negative regulator proteins, the type of regulator that-when activated-can prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division.

Detailed explanation-2: -The cell cycle has checkpoints (also called restriction points), which allow certain genes to check for problems and halt the cycle for repairs if something goes wrong. If a cell has an error in its DNA that cannot be repaired, it may undergo self-destruction (apoptosis ).

Detailed explanation-3: -Cell-cycle checkpoints enable a cell to ensure that important processes, such as DNA replication, are complete [18]. Cell-cycle checkpoints prevent the transmission of genetic errors to daughter cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -Cell Cycle and DNA Damage Checkpoints Cell cycle checkpoints are critical to prevent the cell from progressing to the next phase of the cell cycle before the prior phase has been completed. Premature entry into the next phase of the cell cycle can result in catastrophic consequences for the cell and cell death.

Detailed explanation-5: -1: Internal Checkpoints During the Cell Cycle: The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints. The integrity of the DNA is assessed at the G1 checkpoint. Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G2 checkpoint. Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint.