PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Proto-oncogenes are a group of genes that cause normal cells to become cancerous when they are mutated (Adamson, 1987; Weinstein & Joe, 2006). Mutations in proto-oncogenes are typically dominant in nature, and the mutated version of a proto-oncogene is called an oncogene.

Detailed explanation-2: -Tumors, including cancers, are caused by abnormal cells that multiply continuously. If the abnormal cells continue to divide unstopped, they can damage the tissues around them, spread to other parts of the body (malignancy), and even result in death.

Detailed explanation-3: -Three closely related members of the ras gene family (rasH, rasK, and rasN) are the oncogenes most frequently encountered in human tumors. These genes are involved in approximately 20% of all human malignancies, including about 50% of colon and 25% of lung carcinomas.

Detailed explanation-4: -An oncogene is like a gas pedal that is stuck down, which causes the cell to divide out of control. Oncogenes can be turned on (activated) in cells in different ways. For example: Gene variants/mutations: Some people have differences in the ‘code’ of their genes that can cause an oncogene to be turned on all the time.