PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Deficiency of oxygen and/or essential nutrients and metabolites. Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible. Hypoxia is the most important cause of cell injury. Irreversible cell injury can be recognized by changes in the appearance of the nucleus and rupture of the cell membrane.

Detailed explanation-2: -A classical example for an acute hypoxic event is stroke, caused by an occlusion of a brain artery (ischemia: restriction in blood supply) or hemorrhage. A stroke lesion can lead to both types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis.

Detailed explanation-3: -The two fundamental types of programmed cell death are apoptosis and autophagy-associated cell death. The recognition that cell death can occur by genetically controlled processes has enabled advances in unraveling the mechanisms of many diseases.

Detailed explanation-4: -Oxygen deprivation. A hypoxic state results in reduced aerobic oxidative respiration, which results in cell injury. Physical agents. Chemical agents and drugs. Immunologic reactions. Infectious agents. Nutritional imbalances. Genetic derangement. Hypoxia and ischemic cell injury.