PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The kidneys are the organ primarily responsible for maintaining fluid balance. They constantly help maintain fluid balance by either excreting or retaining the fluid we consume.

Detailed explanation-2: -Disorders of water metabolism are divided into hyperosmolar and hypoosmolar states, with hyperosmolar disorders characterized by a deficit of body water in relation to body solute and hypoosmolar disorders characterized by an excess of body water in relation to total body solute.

Detailed explanation-3: -Body water homeostasis is achieved by balancing renal and nonrenal water losses with appropriate water intake. The major stimulus to thirst is increased osmolality of body fluids as perceived by osmoreceptors in the anteroventral hypothalamus.