PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Recombinant DNA is a technology scientists developed that made it possible to insert a human gene into the genetic material of a common bacterium. This “recombinant” micro-organism could now produce the protein encoded by the human gene.

Detailed explanation-2: -Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA.

Detailed explanation-3: -If a plasmid contains the right control sequences, bacteria can be induced to express the gene it contains when a chemical signal is added. Expression of the gene leads to production of mRNA, which is translated into protein.

Detailed explanation-4: -A plasmid is a tiny, circular piece of bacterial DNA. Plasmids reside as separate units of DNA inside the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell. With the same restriction enzyme that was used to excise the gene from the donor cell, the genetic engineer cuts open the plasmid.

Detailed explanation-5: -Transfection of eukaryotic hosts can be achieved through various methods using electroporation, gene guns, microinjection, shuttle vectors, and viral vectors.