PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Researchers have observed some adverse health effects in sheep and other mammals that have been cloned. These include an increase in birth size and a variety of defects in vital organs, such as the liver, brain and heart.

Detailed explanation-2: -These anomalies are most likely due to incorrect epigenetic reprogramming of the donor genome, leading to inappropriate patterns of gene expression during the development of clone. “Large offspring syndrome” is an example of phenotypic anomalies in cloned animals.

Detailed explanation-3: -What prevents scientists from cloning humans despite the fact that other mammals such as sheep have been cloned? Cloning humans would take too much time to reproduce.

Detailed explanation-4: -The cloning of farm animals can involve great suffering. A cloned embryo has to be implanted into a surrogate mother who carries it to birth. Cloned embryos tend to be large and can result in painful births that are often carried out by Caesarean section.