PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Based on visual observation, the ancients characterised inflammation by five cardinal signs, namely redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), heat (calor; only applicable to the body’ extremities), pain (dolor) and loss of function (functio laesa).

Detailed explanation-2: -Cardinal Clinical Signs Redness and heat are due to increased blood flow to the inflamed area; swelling is due to accumulation of fluid; pain is due to release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings; and loss of function is due to a combination of factors.

Detailed explanation-3: -Joint effusion is a sign of joint inflammation and can be broadly classified as either infectious (septic) or noninfectious (aseptic). Joint effusion caused by infection is referred to as septic arthritis. Aseptic joint effusion can be the result of an injury or arthritis.

Detailed explanation-4: -Infection involves tissue invasion by microorganisms. An inflammatory reaction will be provoked when infection occurs in an otherwise healthy patient. Inflammation can be recognized clinically by 5 cardinal signs: rubor (redness), calor (warmth), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function).