PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Through mutation and selection, bacteria can develop defense mechanisms against antibiotics. For example, some bacteria have developed biochemical “pumps” that can remove an antibiotic before it reaches its target, while others have evolved to produce enzymes to inactivate the antibiotic.

Detailed explanation-2: -Some bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics that were once commonly used to treat them. For example, Staphylococcus aureus (’golden staph’ or MRSA) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (the cause of gonorrhoea) are now almost always resistant to benzyl penicillin.

Detailed explanation-3: -Antibiotics are important medicines. They help fight infections that are caused by bacteria. Bacteria that resist treatment with more than one antibiotic are called multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs for short). Multidrug-resistant organisms are found mainly in hospitals and long-term care facilities.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ways that Bacteria Acquire Resistance There are two main ways that bacterial cells can acquire antibiotic resistance. One is through mutations that occur in the DNA of the cell during replication. The other way that bacteria acquire resistance is through horizontal gene transfer.