PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cytokines direct the adaptive immune system to produce pathogen-specific antigens that quickly identify the pathogen so the immune system can destroy it.

Detailed explanation-2: -Type I IFNs, which include IFN- and IFN-, have emerged as the most clinically useful IFNs for the treatment of cancer. They are secreted by nearly every cell in the body and are predominantly involved in cellular immune responses against viral infections [14-16].

Detailed explanation-3: -Interferons are a type of cytokine released by host cells in response to pathogens (e.g. viruses and bacteria) and tumour cells. They are grouped according to their complementary receptor. There are three main groups: type I (interferon- and interferon-); type II (interferon-) and type III (Interferon ).

Detailed explanation-4: -A type of protein that is made by certain immune and non-immune cells and has an effect on the immune system. Some cytokines stimulate the immune system and others slow it down. They can also be made in the laboratory and used to help the body fight cancer, infections, and other diseases.