PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Antibodies. Antibodies help the body to fight microbes or the toxins (poisons) they produce. They do this by recognising substances called antigens on the surface of the microbe, or in the chemicals they produce, which mark the microbe or toxin as being foreign. The antibodies then mark these antigens for destruction.

Detailed explanation-2: -B-cells protect you from infection by making proteins called antibodies. B-cells are a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes. When your immune system detects antigens-markers that indicate a threat like a bacteria or virus has entered your body-your B-cells produce antibodies to fight the invader.

Detailed explanation-3: -IgM, which has heavy chains, is always the first class of antibody made by a developing B cell, although many B cells eventually switch to making other classes of antibody (discussed below).

Detailed explanation-4: -B cells create antibodies. These antibodies bind to pathogens or to foreign substances, such as toxins, to neutralize them. For example, an antibody can bind to a virus, which prevents it from entering a normal cell and causing infection. B cells can also recruit other cells to help destroy an infected cell.