PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -T-cell memory generated after the first antigen encounter can last for decades, and provides long-lasting immune protection (1, 2). It has convincingly been shown that T-cells with a memory phenotype in human blood renew quite often and are not maintained by a long cellular lifespan (3–11).

Detailed explanation-2: -T cells can wipe out infected or cancerous cells. They also direct the immune response by helping B lymphocytes to eliminate invading pathogens. B cells create antibodies. B lymphocytes, also called B cells, create a type of protein called an antibody.

Detailed explanation-3: -Memory B cells reside in the dermis and can be reactivated locally by antigen. DCs, dendritic cells; ILCs, innate lymphoid cells; iNKT, invariant natural killer T. Both B2 and B1 B cells are found in skin, with the B2 population more prevalent than the B1 cells (42).

Detailed explanation-4: -After the T and B lymphocytes have matured in the thymus and bone marrow, they then travel to the lymph nodes and spleen where they remain until the immune system is activated. Lymph nodes are located throughout the body.