PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Once the body produces antibodies in its primary response to an antigen, it also creates antibody-producing memory cells, which remain alive even after the pathogen is defeated by the antibodies.

Detailed explanation-2: -After immunization, dendritic cells take up microbial antigens and traffic to draining lymph nodes where they present processed antigens to naïve T cells. These naïve T cells are stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into effector and memory T cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -Memory B cells can be formed in two T cell-dependent mechanisms: in the first, they differentiate into short-lived plasma cells [77, 79] and in the second, they are formed and differentiate in dependent or independent germinal centers of peripheral lymphoid organs [78].

Detailed explanation-4: -Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond with greater vigor upon re-encounter with the same pathogen and constitutes the basis for vaccination (Ahmed and Gray, 1996).

Detailed explanation-5: -These memory cells remember all specific pathogens encountered during the animal’s lifetime and can thus call forth a stronger response, called the secondary immune response, if the pathogen ever invades the body again. The adaptive immune system is so-named because it is a result of an adaptation to an infection.