PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -As a protective interface between internal organs and the environment, the skin encounters a host of toxins, pathogenic organisms, and physical stresses. To combat these attacks on the cutaneous microenvironment, the skin functions as more than a physical barrier: it is an active immune organ.

Detailed explanation-2: -The correct answer is (c). Cell-mediated immunity is part of the specific (adaptive) immune response.

Detailed explanation-3: -The normal immune response can be broken down into four main components: pathogen recognition by cells of the innate immune system, with cytokine release, complement activation and phagocytosis of antigens.