PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Different cytokines have been identified as mediators involved in the formation and maintenance of these granulomas: IL2, interferon gamma, TNF alpha, 1, 25(OH)2D3, IL1.

Detailed explanation-2: -In sarcoidosis, granulomatous inflammation is characterized by dominant expression of T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines such as IFN gamma and interleukin (IL)-2 with low levels of expression of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines such as IL4 and IL5.

Detailed explanation-3: -The infectious pathophysiology of granulomas is discussed primarily here. The key association between IFN- and granulomas is that IFN- activates macrophages so that they become more powerful in killing intracellular organisms.

Detailed explanation-4: -Both chains of the IFN‐ receptor are members of the class II family of cytokine receptors that includes tissue factor, the IL‐10 ligand‐binding component, and both chains of the IFN‐ receptor (IFN‐R) ( 40, 41). Like other family members, the IFN‐R and chains lack intrinsic kinase activity.