PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Nonspecific responses that alter the intracellular environment include fever, inflammation, and interferon. These multiple defenses function with great complexity because of their interactions with one another.

Detailed explanation-2: -Inflammation is the immune system’s response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, toxic compounds, or irradiation [1], and acts by removing injurious stimuli and initiating the healing process [2]. Inflammation is therefore a defense mechanism that is vital to health [3].

Detailed explanation-3: -These physiological responses are nonspecific, meaning they treat every pathogen the same way. Another way to say this is that they are not antigen specific. After our skin is damaged by a cut or a scrape, inflammation works to clear any pathogens that may have been introduced.

Detailed explanation-4: -The nonspecific innate immune response provides a first line of defense that can often prevent infections from gaining a solid foothold in the body. These defenses are described as nonspecific because they do not target any specific pathogen; rather, they defend against a wide range of potential pathogens.