PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Brainstem control of arousal and sleep state. Multiple groups of neurons in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem regulate arousal, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep and transitions between these different stages.

Detailed explanation-2: -Neurons in the medulla also control arousal and sleep, transfer somatic sensory data from internal organs, and regulate movement and sleep.

Detailed explanation-3: -It is responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep. The brainstem contains many critical collections of white and grey matter. The grey matter within the brainstem consists of nerve cell bodies and forms many important brainstem nuclei.