PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Referral to nephrology is important for planning kidney replacement therapy and transplant evaluation. The decision to begin kidney replacement therapy is based on the presence of symptoms and not solely on level of GFR. Urgent indications include encephalopathy, pericarditis, and pleuritis due to severe uremia.

Detailed explanation-2: -If the kidneys lose this ability, waste products can build up, which is potentially life-threatening. This loss of kidney function, known as end-stage chronic kidney disease or kidney failure, is the most common reason for needing a kidney transplant.

Detailed explanation-3: -Stage 5: Kidney failure (GFR less than 15). When the kidneys do not work well enough to maintain life, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant.