USA HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -The open-hearth process was in turn replaced by the basic oxygen process, which is actually an extension and refinement of the Bessemer process.

Detailed explanation-2: -The method devised by Bessemer removed the impurities from the iron thanks to a process of oxidation of the air, obtaining a more resistant steel much more quickly.

Detailed explanation-3: -Late 1850’s= Working separately, Englishman Henry Bessemer and American William Kelly developed a new process called “The Bessemer process, ” which made steel stronger/was also cheaper/more efficient. This process involved forcing air through molten metal to burn out carbon/other impurities that make metal brittle.

Detailed explanation-4: -Carburization is a heat treatment process, in which iron or steel absorbs carbon while the metal is heated in the presence of a carbon-bearing material, such as charcoal or carbon monoxide. The intent is to make the metal harder.

Detailed explanation-5: -The second Industrial Revolution occurred roughly from 1870-1914. Before the revolution, steel was an expensive material. Then the Bessemer converter was invented, which allowed for steel to be mass produced at a lower cost. By 1870, Bessemer steel was used for building ships and railways.