ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Detailed explanation-1: -Offshore (submarine) pipelines are needed for transporting oil and natural gas from offshore oil wells and gas wells to overland pipelines, which further transport the oil to a refinery or the gas to a processing plant. They are more expensive and difficult to build than overland pipelines.

Detailed explanation-2: -Pipelines are typically used to move crude oil from the wellhead to gathering and processing facilities and from there to refineries and tanker loading facilities. Pipelines require significantly less energy to operate than trucks or rail and have a lower carbon footprint.

Detailed explanation-3: -A study by the University of Alberta concluded that pipelines create between 61 to 77 percent less greenhouse gas emissions than rail when transporting large capacities of crude oil over long distances.