GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Detailed explanation-1: -A hierarchical organization concentrates authority exclusively with one person or leadership team, so that vertical top-down communication flow allows for uniformity of action. Small businesses in which the owner manages the firm, often adopt this centralized approach.

Detailed explanation-2: -The firm’s top management influence its degree of centralization by: The ability of the manager to delegate responsibility and duties to the junior staff-in a centralized organization there is one office from where communication is made.

Detailed explanation-3: -Staff managers provide support, advice, and knowledge to other individuals in the chain of command. Although staff managers are not part of the chain of command related to direct production of products or services, they do have authority over personnel. An example of a staff manager is a legal adviser.

Detailed explanation-4: -Leading involves motivating the employees to achieve organizational goals. Controlling is related to monitoring and evaluation.

Detailed explanation-5: -The principles of management can be distilled down to four critical functions. These functions are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. This P-O-L-C framework provides useful guidance into what the ideal job of a manager should look like.