IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Humoral immunity is an antibody-mediated response that occurs when foreign material-antigens-are detected in the body. This foreign material typically includes extracellular invaders such as bacteria.

Detailed explanation-2: -The humoral immune response, a key arm of adaptive immunity, consists of B cells and their products. Upon infection or vaccination, B cells undergo a Darwinian evolutionary process in germinal centers (GCs), resulting in the production of antibodies and memory B cells.