IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Interleukin 10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in preventing inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies. Elevated levels of IL-10 can hinder host response to microbial pathogenesis and prevent resolution of associated tissue damage and hemodynamic disturbances.

Detailed explanation-2: -Interleukin-4 and IL-10 are pleiotropic anti-inflammatory cytokines that function mainly by suppressing the pro-inflammatory milieu. Several different immune cells that produce IL-4 are activated T cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and NKT cells (21, 22).

Detailed explanation-3: -Major anti-inflammatory cytokines include IL-1Ra, IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13 and TGF-.

Detailed explanation-4: -Proinflammatory cytokines are produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions. There is abundant evidence that certain pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- are involved in the process of pathological pain.