IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A positive test for centromere antibodies is strongly associated with CREST syndrome. The presence of detectable levels of centromere antibodies may antedate the appearance of diagnostic clinical features of CREST syndrome by several years.

Detailed explanation-2: -CREST syndrome is characterized by: Calcinosis: Calcium skin deposits. Raynaud’s phenomenon: A condition in which the blood vessels of the fingers and toes spasm when triggered by factors, such as cold, stress or illness. Cold, painful or numb fingers and toes result, which in severe cases may become gangrenous.

Detailed explanation-3: -A subset of patients with systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome) have a limited pattern of involvement (usually restricted to the skin) and characteristic associated disease phenomena. Patients with CREST syndrome typically show a characteristic anticentromere pattern on ANA.